Okay, now I don't want to alarm anybody in this room,
but it's just come to my attention that the person to your right is a liar.
(Laughter)
Also, the person to your left is a liar.
Also the person sitting in your very seats is a liar.
is I'm going to show you what the research says about why we're all liars,
how you can become a liespotter
and why you might want to go the extra mile
and go from liespotting to truth seeking,
and ultimately to trust building.
ever since I wrote this book, "Liespotting,"
no one wants to meet me in person anymore, no, no, no, no, no.
They say, "It's okay, we'll email you."
(Laughter)
I can't even get a coffee date at Starbucks.
My husband's like, "Honey, deception?
Maybe you could have focused on cooking. How about French cooking?"
So before I get started, what I'm going to do
is I'm going to clarify my goal for you,
which is not to teach a game of Gotcha.
Liespotters aren't those nitpicky kids,
those kids in the back of the room that are shouting, "Gotcha! Gotcha!
Your eyebrow twitched. You flared your nostril.
I watch that TV show 'Lie To Me.' I know you're lying."
with scientific knowledge of how to spot deception.
They use it to get to the truth,
and they do what mature leaders do everyday;
they have difficult conversations with difficult people,
sometimes during very difficult times.
And they start up that path by accepting a core proposition,
and that proposition is the following:
Think about it, a lie has no power whatsoever by its mere utterance.
when someone else agrees to believe the lie.
So I know it may sound like tough love,
but look, if at some point you got lied to,
it's because you agreed to get lied to.
Truth number one about lying: Lying's a cooperative act.
Sometimes we're willing participants in deception
for the sake of social dignity,
maybe to keep a secret that should be kept secret, secret.
"Honey, you don't look fat in that, no."
Or we say, favorite of the digiratti,
"You know, I just fished that email out of my Spam folder.
But there are times when we are unwilling participants in deception.
And that can have dramatic costs for us.
Last year saw 997 billion dollars
in corporate fraud alone in the United States.
That's an eyelash under a trillion dollars.
That's seven percent of revenues.
Think Enron, Madoff, the mortgage crisis.
Or in the case of double agents and traitors,
like Robert Hanssen or Aldrich Ames,
they can compromise our security, they can undermine democracy,
they can cause the deaths of those that defend us.
Deception is actually serious business.
This con man, Henry Oberlander, he was such an effective con man,
he could have undermined the entire banking system of the Western world.
And you can't find this guy on Google; you can't find him anywhere.
He was interviewed once, and he said the following.
He said, "Look, I've got one rule."
And this was Henry's rule, he said,
"Look, everyone is willing to give you something.
They're ready to give you something for whatever it is they're hungry for."
If you don't want to be deceived, you have to know,
what is it that you're hungry for?
And we all kind of hate to admit it.
We wish we were better husbands, better wives,
smarter, more powerful, taller, richer --
Lying is an attempt to bridge that gap,
to connect our wishes and our fantasies
about who we wish we were, how we wish we could be,
And boy are we willing to fill in those gaps in our lives with lies.
On a given day, studies show that you may be lied to
anywhere from 10 to 200 times.
Now granted, many of those are white lies.
it showed that strangers lied three times
within the first 10 minutes of meeting each other.
(Laughter)
Now when we first hear this data, we recoil.
We can't believe how prevalent lying is.
We're essentially against lying.
But if you look more closely, the plot actually thickens.
We lie more to strangers than we lie to coworkers.
Extroverts lie more than introverts.
Men lie eight times more about themselves than they do other people.
Women lie more to protect other people.
If you're an average married couple,
you're going to lie to your spouse in one out of every 10 interactions.
Now, you may think that's bad.
If you're unmarried, that number drops to three.
It's woven into the fabric of our daily and our business lives.
We're deeply ambivalent about the truth.
We parse it out on an as-needed basis,
sometimes for very good reasons,
other times just because we don't understand the gaps in our lives.
That's truth number two about lying.
in ways that our society has sanctioned for centuries and centuries and centuries.
It's part of our culture, it's part of our history.
Think Dante, Shakespeare, the Bible, News of the World.
(Laughter)
Lying has evolutionary value to us as a species.
Researchers have long known that the more intelligent the species,
the more likely it is to be deceptive.
Does anybody remember Koko the gorilla who was taught sign language?
Koko was taught to communicate via sign language.
It's her cute little, fluffy pet kitten.
Koko once blamed her pet kitten for ripping a sink out of the wall.
(Laughter)
We're hardwired to become leaders of the pack.
It's starts really, really early.
pause, wait to see who's coming
and then go right back to crying.
One-year-olds learn concealment.
(Laughter)
Nine-year-olds, masters of the cover-up.
By the time you enter college,
you're going to lie to your mom in one out of every five interactions.
By the time we enter this work world and we're breadwinners,
we enter a world that is just cluttered with Spam, fake digital friends,
in short, what one author calls a post-truth society.
It's been very confusing for a long time now.
Well, there are steps we can take to navigate our way through the morass.
Trained liespotters get to the truth 90 percent of the time.
The rest of us, we're only 54 percent accurate.
There are good liars and bad liars.
There are no real original liars.
We all make the same mistakes. We all use the same techniques.
So what I'm going to do is I'm going to show you two patterns of deception.
And then we're going to look at the hot spots
and see if we can find them ourselves.
We're going to start with speech.
(Video) Bill Clinton: I want you to listen to me.
I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky.
I never told anybody to lie, not a single time, never.
And these allegations are false.
And I need to go back to work for the American people.
(Applause)
Pamela Meyer: Okay, what were the telltale signs?
Well first we heard what's known as a non-contracted denial.
Studies show that people who are overdetermined in their denial
will resort to formal rather than informal language.
We also heard distancing language: "that woman."
We know that liars will unconsciously distance themselves
Now if Bill Clinton had said, "Well, to tell you the truth ..."
or Richard Nixon's favorite, "In all candor ..."
he would have been a dead giveaway
that qualifying language, as it's called, qualifying language like that,
further discredits the subject.
Now if he had repeated the question in its entirety,
or if he had peppered his account with a little too much detail --
and we're all really glad he didn't do that --
he would have further discredited himself.
Freud said, look, there's much more to it than speech:
If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips."
And we all do it no matter how powerful you are.
We all chatter with our fingertips.
I'm going to show you Dominique Strauss-Kahn with Obama
who's chattering with his fingertips.
(Laughter)
Now this brings us to our next pattern, which is body language.
With body language, here's what you've got to do.
You've really got to just throw your assumptions out the door.
Let the science temper your knowledge a little bit.
Because we think liars fidget all the time.
Well guess what, they're known to freeze their upper bodies when they're lying.
We think liars won't look you in the eyes.
Well guess what, they look you in the eyes a little too much
just to compensate for that myth.
We think warmth and smiles convey honesty, sincerity.
But a trained liespotter can spot a fake smile a mile away.
Can you all spot the fake smile here?
You can consciously contract the muscles in your cheeks.
But the real smile's in the eyes, the crow's feet of the eyes.
They cannot be consciously contracted,
especially if you overdid the Botox.
Don't overdo the Botox; nobody will think you're honest.
Now we're going to look at the hot spots.
Can you tell what's happening in a conversation?
Can you start to find the hot spots
between someone's words and someone's actions?
Now, I know it seems really obvious,
but when you're having a conversation with someone you suspect of deception,
attitude is by far the most overlooked but telling of indicators.
An honest person is going to be cooperative.
They're going to show they're on your side.
They're going to be enthusiastic.
They're going to be willing and helpful to getting you to the truth.
They're going to be willing to brainstorm, name suspects,
"Hey, maybe it was those guys in payroll that forged those checks."
They're going to be infuriated if they sense they're wrongly accused
throughout the entire course of the interview, not just in flashes;
they'll be infuriated throughout the entire course of the interview.
what should happen to whomever did forge those checks,
an honest person is much more likely
to recommend strict rather than lenient punishment.
Now let's say you're having that exact same conversation
pause, be kind of herky-jerky.
Ask a deceptive person to tell their story,
they're going to pepper it with way too much detail
in all kinds of irrelevant places.
And then they're going to tell their story in strict chronological order.
And what a trained interrogator does
is they come in and in very subtle ways over the course of several hours,
they will ask that person to tell that story backwards,
and then they'll watch them squirm,
and track which questions produce the highest volume of deceptive tells.
Why do they do that? Well, we all do the same thing.
but we rarely rehearse our gestures.
We say "yes," we shake our heads "no."
We tell very convincing stories, we slightly shrug our shoulders.
and we smile at the delight in getting away with it.
Now, that smile is known in the trade as "duping delight."
And we're going to see that in several videos moving forward,
but we're going to start -- for those of you who don't know him,
this is presidential candidate John Edwards
who shocked America by fathering a child out of wedlock.
We're going to see him talk about getting a paternity test.
See now if you can spot him saying, "yes" while shaking his head "no,"
slightly shrugging his shoulders.
(Video) John Edwards: I'd be happy to participate in one.
I know that it's not possible that this child could be mine,
because of the timing of events.
Happy to take a paternity test, and would love to see it happen.
Interviewer: Are you going to do that soon? Is there somebody --
JE: Well, I'm only one side. I'm only one side of the test.
But I'm happy to participate in one.
PM: Okay, those head shakes are much easier to spot
once you know to look for them.
There are going to be times when someone makes one expression
while masking another that just kind of leaks through in a flash.
Murderers are known to leak sadness.
Your new joint venture partner might shake your hand,
celebrate, go out to dinner with you and then leak an expression of anger.
And we're not all going to become facial expression experts overnight here,
but there's one I can teach you that's very dangerous
and that's the expression of contempt.
Now with anger, you've got two people on an even playing field.
It's still somewhat of a healthy relationship.
But when anger turns to contempt, you've been dismissed.
It's associated with moral superiority.
And for that reason, it's very, very hard to recover from.
It's marked by one lip corner pulled up and in.
It's the only asymmetrical expression.
And in the presence of contempt, whether or not deception follows --
and it doesn't always follow --
look the other way, go the other direction,
say, "No thank you. I'm not coming up for just one more nightcap. Thank you."
Science has surfaced many, many more indicators.
we know liars will shift their blink rate,
point their feet towards an exit.
They will take barrier objects
and put them between themselves and the person that is interviewing them.
They'll alter their vocal tone,
often making their vocal tone much lower.
These behaviors are just behaviors.
They're not proof of deception.
We make deceptive flailing gestures all over the place all day long.
They don't mean anything in and of themselves.
But when you see clusters of them, that's your signal.
Look, listen, probe, ask some hard questions,
get out of that very comfortable mode of knowing,
walk into curiosity mode, ask more questions,
have a little dignity, treat the person you're talking to with rapport.
Don't try to be like those folks on "Law & Order" and those other TV shows
that pummel their subjects into submission.
Don't be too aggressive, it doesn't work.
Now, we've talked a little bit about how to talk to someone who's lying
And as I promised, we're now going to look at what the truth looks like.
But I'm going to show you two videos,
two mothers -- one is lying, one is telling the truth.
And these were surfaced by researcher David Matsumoto in California.
And I think they're an excellent example of what the truth looks like.
drove them to the hospital while they bled all over the car,
claimed a scraggy-haired stranger did it.
And you'll see when you see the video,
she can't even pretend to be an agonizing mother.
What you want to look for here is an incredible discrepancy
between horrific events that she describes and her very, very cool demeanor.
And if you look closely, you'll see duping delight throughout this video.
(Video) Diane Downs: At night when I close my eyes,
I can see Christie reaching her hand out to me while I'm driving,
and the blood just kept coming out of her mouth.
And that -- maybe it'll fade too with time --
PM: Now I'm going to show you a video
of an actual grieving mother, Erin Runnion,
confronting her daughter's murderer and torturer in court.
Here you're going to see no false emotion,
just the authentic expression of a mother's agony.
(Video) Erin Runnion: I wrote this statement
on the third anniversary of the night you took my baby,
you terrified her until her heart stopped.
And she fought, and I know she fought you.
But I know she looked at you with those amazing brown eyes,
and you still wanted to kill her.
PM: Okay, there's no doubting the veracity of those emotions.
Now the technology around what the truth looks like
is progressing on, the science of it.
that we now have specialized eye trackers and infrared brain scans,
MRI's that can decode the signals that our bodies send out
when we're trying to be deceptive.
And these technologies are going to be marketed to all of us
and they will prove incredibly useful some day.
But you've got to ask yourself in the meantime:
Who do you want on your side of the meeting,
someone who's trained in getting to the truth
or some guy who's going to drag a 400-pound electroencephalogram
Liespotters rely on human tools.
They know, as someone once said,
"Character's who you are in the dark."
And what's kind of interesting is that today, we have so little darkness.
Our world is lit up 24 hours a day.
It's transparent with blogs and social networks
broadcasting the buzz of a whole new generation of people
that have made a choice to live their lives in public.
So one challenge we have is to remember,
oversharing, that's not honesty.
Our manic tweeting and texting can blind us
to the fact that the subtleties of human decency -- character integrity --
that's still what matters, that's always what's going to matter.
So in this much noisier world,
to be just a little bit more explicit about our moral code.
When you combine the science of recognizing deception
with the art of looking, listening,
you exempt yourself from collaborating in a lie.
You start up that path of being just a little bit more explicit,
because you signal to everyone around you,
you say, "Hey, my world, our world, it's going to be an honest one.
My world is going to be one where truth is strengthened
and falsehood is recognized and marginalized."
the ground around you starts to shift just a little bit.
And that's the truth. Thank you.
(Applause)